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<title>Cataclysmic variable star</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cataclysmic variable star</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <b>cataclysmic variable stars</b> (<b>CVs</b>) are stars which irregularly increase in <a href="Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">brightness</a> by a large factor, then drop back down to a quiescent state. They were initially called <a href="Nova" title="Nova">novae</a> (from <a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">new</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), since those with an outburst brightness visible to the <a href="Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> and an invisible quiescent brightness appeared as new stars in the sky.

</p><p>Cataclysmic variable stars are <a href="Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary stars</a> that consist of two components; a <a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> primary, and a <a href="Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">mass transferring</a> secondary. The stars are so close to each other that the <a href="Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> of the white dwarf distorts the secondary, and the white dwarf <a href="Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretes</a> matter from the companion. Therefore, the secondary is often referred to as the <i>donor star</i>, and it is usually less massive than the primary.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infalling matter, which is usually rich in <a href="Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, forms in most cases an <a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a> around the white dwarf. Strong <a href="UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a> and <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> emission is often detected from the accretion disc, powered by the loss of <a href="Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">gravitational potential energy</a> from the infalling material.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shortest currently observed orbit in a hydrogen-rich system is 51 minutes in <a href="ZTF_J1813%2B4251" title="ZTF J1813+4251">ZTF J1813+4251</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Material at the inner edge of disc falls onto the surface of the white dwarf primary. A classical <a href="Nova" title="Nova">nova</a> outburst occurs when the <a href="Density" title="Density">density</a> and <a href="Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> at the bottom of the accumulated hydrogen layer rise high enough to ignite <a href="Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">runaway</a> <a href="Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">hydrogen fusion</a> reactions, which rapidly convert the hydrogen layer to <a href="Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. If the accretion process continues long enough to bring the white dwarf close to the <a href="Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>, the increasing interior density may ignite <a href="Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">runaway carbon fusion</a> and trigger a <a href="Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernova</a> explosion, which would completely destroy the white dwarf.

</p><p>The accretion disc may be prone to an instability leading to <a href="Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">dwarf nova</a> outbursts, when the outer portion of the disc changes from a cool, dull mode to a hotter, brighter mode for a time, before reverting to the cool mode. Dwarf novae can recur on a <a href="Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">timescale</a> of days to decades.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div>

<p>Cataclysmic variables are subdivided into several smaller groups, often named after a bright prototype star characteristic of the class. In some cases the <a href="Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> of the white dwarf is strong enough to disrupt the inner accretion disk or even prevent disk formation altogether. Magnetic systems often show strong and variable <a href="Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a> in their optical light, and are therefore sometimes called <a href="Polar_(cataclysmic_variable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar (cataclysmic variable)">polars</a>; these often exhibit small-amplitude brightness fluctuations at what is presumed to be the white dwarf's period of rotation.

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<td><a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a>

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<td>These are classed as cataclysmic variables and have extremely large outbursts that destroy the progenitor star. Some result from white dwarfs in binary systems but others are very massive stars.

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<td>(Classical) <a href="Nova" title="Nova">novae</a>

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<td>These cataclysmic variables have very large outbursts, of 6 to 19 magnitudes, caused by thermonuclear fusion of material accreted onto the white dwarf.

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<td>Recurrent novae

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<td>These have outbursts of about 4 to 9 magnitudes, repeating every 10 to 80 years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="T_Pyxidis" title="T Pyxidis">T Pyxidis</a> and <a href="RS_Ophiuchi" title="RS Ophiuchi">RS Ophiuchi</a>.

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<td><a href="Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">Dwarf novae</a>

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<td>Dwarf novae, or <a href="U_Geminorum_star" class="mw-redirect" title="U Geminorum star">U Geminorum stars</a>, are cataclysmic variables which are observed to brighten repeatedly, though by a smaller amount than classical novae.

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<td><a href="Z_Camelopardalis_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Z Camelopardalis star">Z Camelopardalis stars</a>

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<td>Temporarily "halt" at a particular brightness below their peak

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<td><a href="SU_Ursae_Majoris_star" class="mw-redirect" title="SU Ursae Majoris star">SU Ursae Majoris stars</a>

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<td>Have "<a href="Superoutburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Superoutburst">superoutbursts</a>" which are brighter than the average

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<td><a href="SS_Cygni_star" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Cygni star">SS Cygni stars</a>

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<td>Have outbursts of two distinct lengths

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<td><a href="Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red novae</a>

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<td>These are stellar mergers that become very red after outburst.

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<td><a href="Polar_(cataclysmic_variable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar (cataclysmic variable)">Polars</a>

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<td><a href="AM_Herculis_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="AM Herculis variable">AM Herculis</a> stars are binaries in which the magnetic field of the white dwarf has synchronized the latter's rotational period with the binary orbital period. Matter from the donor star is magnetically channeled onto the white dwarf rather than forming a disc.

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<td><a href="DQ_Herculis_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="DQ Herculis variable">DQ Herculis</a>, also called 'intermediate polars', have a slightly weaker magnetic field than <a href="AM_Herculis" title="AM Herculis">AM Herculis</a> stars; there is an accretion disc, but substructure in it is created by the field.

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<td><a href="VY_Sculptoris_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="VY Sculptoris variable">VY Sculptoris</a>

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<td>These are stars which occasionally drop in brightness by more than one magnitude, with very occasional dwarf-nova-type outbursts during the dim state. They may be a subclass of polars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<td><a href="AM_Canum_Venaticorum_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="AM Canum Venaticorum variable">AM Canum Venaticorum</a>

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<td>These are cataclysmic variables both of whose components are white dwarfs; the accretion disc is composed primarily of helium, and they are of interest as sources of <a href="Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">gravitational waves</a>.

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<td><a href="SW_Sextantis_variable" title="SW Sextantis variable">SW Sextantis</a>

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<td>These are like dwarf novae but have the accretion disc in a steady state, so do not show outbursts; the disc emits non-uniformly. They are usually also <a href="Eclipsing_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing variable">eclipsing variables</a>, though this appears to be a <a href="Selection_artefact" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection artefact">selection artefact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<td><a href="Z_Andromedae" title="Z Andromedae">Z Andromedae</a> (symbiotic variables)

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<td>These are close binaries with a large cool component losing mass to a hotter compact component and accretion disc.

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<p>There are over 1600 known CV systems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The catalog was frozen as of 1 February 2006 though more are discovered each year.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2></div>

<p>Cataclysmic variables are among the classes of astronomical objects most commonly found by amateurs, since a cataclysmic variable in its outburst phase is bright enough to be detectable with very modest instruments, and the only celestial objects easily confused with them are bright <a href="Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a> whose movement from night to night is clear.

</p><p>Verifying that an object is a cataclysmic variable is also fairly straightforward: they are usually quite blue objects, they exhibit rapid and strong variability, and they tend to have peculiar <a href="Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission lines</a>. They emit in the <a href="Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> and <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> ranges; they are expected also to emit gamma rays, from annihilation of positrons from proton-rich nuclei produced in the fusion explosion, but this has not yet been detected.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Around six <a href="Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">galactic</a> novae (i.e. in <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">our own galaxy</a>) are discovered each year, whilst models based on observations in other galaxies suggest that the rate of occurrence ought to be between 20 and 50;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this discrepancy is due partly to obscuration by interstellar dust, and partly to a lack of observers in the southern hemisphere and to the difficulties of observing while the Sun is up and at <a href="Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superhumps">Superhumps</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Superhump" title="Superhump">Superhump</a></div>

<p>Some cataclysmic variables experience periodic brightenings caused by deformations of the <a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a> when its rotation is in resonance with the orbital period of the binary.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLavalleUniversity" class="citation web cs1">Lavalle, Mimi; University, Louisiana State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-01-binary-star-sagittae-bright-nova.html">"Binary star V Sagittae to explode as very bright nova by century's end"</a>. <i>phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNASA2017" class="citation web cs1">NASA (2017-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/objects/cvs/cvstext.html">"Introduction to Cataclysmic Variables (CVs)"</a>. <i>heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/science/space/astronomers-discover-cataclysmic-star-pair-confirming-decades-old-prediction/">"Astronomers Discover 'Cataclysmic' Star Pair, Confirming Decades-Old Prediction"</a>. <i>CNET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMobberley2009" class="citation book cs1">Mobberley, Martin (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cataclysmiccosmi00mobb"><i>Cataclysmic Cosmic Events and How to Observe Them</i></a></span>. New York: Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cataclysmiccosmi00mobb/page/n70">59</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-79945-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHameuryLasota2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hameury, Jean-Marie; Lasota, Jean-Pierre (October 4, 2002). "VY Sculptoris stars as magnetic CVs". <i><a href="Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>394</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>239. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0207084">astro-ph/0207084</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&A...394..231H">2002A&A...394..231H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20021136">10.1051/0004-6361:20021136</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5498393">5498393</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119022732/http://spider.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/hoard/research/swsex/characteristics.html">"Defining Characteristics of the SW Sextantis Stars"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spider.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/hoard/research/swsex/characteristics.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-19.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDownes" class="citation web cs1">Downes, Ronald; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/prepds/cvcat/index.html">"A Catalog and Atlas of Cataclysmic Variables"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSenzianiSkinnerJeanHernanz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Senziani, F; Skinner, G.K.; Jean, P.; Hernanz, M. (2008). "Detectability of gamma-ray emission from classical novae with Swift/BAT". <i><a href="Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>485</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>231. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.4791">0804.4791</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...485..223S">2008A&A...485..223S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200809863">10.1051/0004-6361:200809863</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16650963">16650963</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDarnleyBodeKerinsNewsam2006" class="citation journal cs1">Darnley, M. J.; Bode, M. F.; Kerins, E.; Newsam, A. M.; An, J.; Baillon, P.; Belokurov, V.; Calchi Novati, S.; Carr, B. J.; Creze, M.; Evans, N. W.; Giraud-Heraud, Y.; Gould, A.; Hewett, P.; Jetzer, Ph.; Kaplan, J.; Paulin-Henriksson, S.; Smartt, S. J.; Tsapras, Y.; Weston, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2006.10297.x">"Classical novae from the POINT-AGAPE microlensing survey of M31 -- II. Rate and statistical characteristics of the nova population"</a>. <i><a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>369</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>271. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0509493">astro-ph/0509493</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.369..257D">2006MNRAS.369..257D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2006.10297.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10297.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85510790">85510790</a>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/prepds/cvcat/index.html">A Catalog and Atlas of Cataclysmic Variables (Archival Edition)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de/RKcat/">Catalogue of Cataclysmic Binaries, Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries and Related Objects (RKcat Edition 7.24, 31 Dec 2015 – The Final Edition)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/aavsocvsection/">CVnet, a website and community for CV enthusiasts and researchers</a> – features announcements of new discoveries</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/www_astro/gal/cv_beginners.html">A Beginner's Guide to Cataclysmic Variables</a> – features a very good categorisation of the different classes of stars</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/objects/cvs/cvstext.html">Cataclysmic Variables</a>, NASA's High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) page</li></ul>

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</style><div id="White_dwarf298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li>

<li><a href="Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Mira_variable" title="Mira variable">Mira variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernova</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li>

<li>Related links</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a>

<ul><li>Related links</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme helium star</a></li>

<li><a href="Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">Subdwarf B star</a></li>

<li><a href="Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In binary<br>systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">Dwarf nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li>

<li>

<li><a href="Polar_(cataclysmic_variable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar (cataclysmic variable)">Polar</a></li>

<li><a href="Intermediate_polar" title="Intermediate polar">Intermediate polar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Supersoft_X-ray_source" title="Supersoft X-ray source">Supersoft X-ray source</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary pulsar</a></li>

<li><a href="Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pulsating_white_dwarf" title="Pulsating white dwarf">Pulsating</a></li>

<li><a href="Urca_process" title="Urca process">Urca process</a></li>

<li><a href="Degenerate_matter#Electron_degeneracy" title="Degenerate matter">Electron-degenerate matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Quasi-periodic_oscillations" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillations">Quasi-periodic oscillations</a></li>

<li><a href="White_dwarf_cooling_anomaly" title="White dwarf cooling anomaly">White dwarf cooling anomaly</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a>

<li><a href="Robust_associations_of_massive_baryonic_objects" title="Robust associations of massive baryonic objects">RAMBOs</a></li>

<li><a href="White_dwarf_luminosity_function" class="mw-redirect" title="White dwarf luminosity function">White dwarf luminosity function</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_white_dwarfs%2C_neutron_stars%2C_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Variable_stars302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variable_stars302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_pulsation" title="Stellar pulsation">Pulsating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheids</a> and<br>cepheid-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Type_I_Cepheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I Cepheid">Type I</a> <small>(<a href="Classical_Cepheid_variable" title="Classical Cepheid variable">Classical cepheids</a>, <a href="Delta_Scuti_variable" title="Delta Scuti variable">Delta Scuti</a>)</small></li>

<li><a href="Type_II_Cepheid" title="Type II Cepheid">Type II</a> <small>(<a href="BL_Herculis_variable" title="BL Herculis variable">BL Herculis</a>, <a href="W_Virginis_variable" title="W Virginis variable">W Virginis</a>, <a href="RV_Tauri_variable" title="RV Tauri variable">RV Tauri</a>)</small></li>

<li><a href="RR_Lyrae_variable" title="RR Lyrae variable">RR Lyrae</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapidly_oscillating_Ap_star" title="Rapidly oscillating Ap star">Rapidly oscillating Ap</a></li>

<li><a href="SX_Phoenicis_variable" title="SX Phoenicis variable">SX Phoenicis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blue-white with<br>early spectra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpha_Cygni_variable" title="Alpha Cygni variable">Alpha Cygni</a></li>

<li><a href="Beta_Cephei_variable" title="Beta Cephei variable">Beta Cephei</a></li>

<li><a href="Slowly_pulsating_B-type_star" title="Slowly pulsating B-type star">Slowly pulsating B-type</a></li>

<li><a href="PV_Telescopii_variable" title="PV Telescopii variable">PV Telescopii</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue_large-amplitude_pulsator" title="Blue large-amplitude pulsator">Blue large-amplitude pulsator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Long-period_variable_star" title="Long-period variable star">Long-period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Semiregular_variable_star" title="Semiregular variable star">Semiregular</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_irregular_variable" title="Slow irregular variable">Slow irregular</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gamma_Doradus_variable" title="Gamma Doradus variable">Gamma Doradus</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Solar-like oscillations</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsating_white_dwarf" title="Pulsating white dwarf">White dwarf</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eruptive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Protostar</a> and <a href="Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">PMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_variable" title="Orion variable">Orion</a>

<ul><li><small><a href="FU_Orionis_star" title="FU Orionis star">FU Orionis</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></small></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Giants and<br>supergiants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li>

<li><a href="R_Coronae_Borealis_variable" title="R Coronae Borealis variable">R Coronae Borealis</a> <small>(<a href="DY_Persei_variable" title="DY Persei variable">DY Persei</a>)</small></li>

<li><a href="Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow hypergiant</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eruptive binary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Double_periodic_variable" title="Double periodic variable">Double periodic</a></li>

<li><a href="FS_Canis_Majoris_variable" title="FS Canis Majoris variable">FS Canis Majoris</a></li>

<li><a href="RS_Canum_Venaticorum_variable" title="RS Canum Venaticorum variable">RS Canum Venaticorum</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Flare_star" title="Flare star">Flare</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamma_Cassiopeiae_variable" title="Gamma Cassiopeiae variable">Gamma Cassiopeiae</a></li>

<li><a href="Lambda_Eridani_variable" title="Lambda Eridani variable">Lambda Eridani</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AM_Canum_Venaticorum_star" title="AM Canum Venaticorum star">AM Canum Venaticorum</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">Dwarf nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Polar_(star)" title="Polar (star)">Polar</a>

<ul><li><small><a href="Intermediate_polar" title="Intermediate polar">Intermediate</a></small></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a>

<ul><li><small><a href="Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></small></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="SW_Sextantis_variable" title="SW Sextantis variable">SW Sextantis</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a>

<ul><li><small><a href="Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Z Andromedae</a></small></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-spherical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rotating_ellipsoidal_variable" title="Rotating ellipsoidal variable">Rotating ellipsoidal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stellar spots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BY_Draconis_variable" title="BY Draconis variable">BY Draconis</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_star#FK_Comae_Berenices_variables" title="Variable star">FK Comae Berenices</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpha2_Canum_Venaticorum_variable" title="Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable">α<sup>2</sup> Canum Venaticorum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a></li>

<li><a href="SX_Arietis_variable" title="SX Arietis variable">SX Arietis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Binary_star#Eclipsing_binaries" title="Binary star">Eclipsing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algol_variable" title="Algol variable">Algol</a></li>

<li><a href="Beta_Lyrae_variable" title="Beta Lyrae variable">Beta Lyrae</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_transit_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary transit variable">Planetary transit</a></li>

<li><a href="W_Ursae_Majoris_variable" title="W Ursae Majoris variable">W Ursae Majoris</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AStar" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Star">Star portal</a></b> * <a href="List_of_variable_stars" title="List of variable stars">List</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059564#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059564#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85020770">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284716805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/a9b53506-0341-43cf-862b-9d101d1f2be5">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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